Level and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Early and Semi-early Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) Grown with Irrigation on Light Soils in Norway

Trials were performed with early and semi-early potatoes to test the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (0-160 kg N ha^-1) and timing (all at planting versus half then and half either soon after emergence or 3 weeks later). All seven trials with earlies were irrigated as required, whilst different irrigation regimes (moderate versus intensive) were compared in two trials with semi-earlies. No benefit was derived from splitting the N application. Haulm growth and N uptake increased in all cases almost linearly up to the highest N level, but tuber yield did not respond in the same way. The optimum N level was 80 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 15 Mg ha^-1, rising to 120 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 40 Mg ha^-1. Tuber quality was lowered by the use of excess N fertilizer, particularly in the case of earlies. The quantity of mineralised N present in the soil after harvest rose sharply with above optimum fertilizer use, and the amount of N present in crop residues also increased. The likely leaching after early potatoes was estimated to be up to 80 kg N ha^-1. The proportion of fertilizer N which was not accounted for in either tuber yield, crop residues or mineral N in soil was 26% in earlies and 38% in semi-earlies.     

果园营养诊断配方施肥对琯溪蜜柚及桃产量品质的影响初探

通过土、叶样营养元素分析，土样营养元素以有效Ca含量最高，其依次顺序为：有效Ca>有效Mg>有效K>有效N>有效Fe>有效P>有效Cu>有效Zn，有效P、有效Cu、有效Zn缺乏；叶片营养元素与适量标准相比较，琯溪蜜柚叶片养分含量，有效Zn严重缺乏，有效Cu、有效P、有效Mg、有效K、有效Ca和有效Fe都处于低量范围内，有效N、有效Ca和有效Fe处于高量;桃叶片养分含量与适量标准相比较，有效Ca严重缺乏，有效N处于高量，有效K在适量范围内，其它处于低量范围内；结果表明，初步推算的琯溪蜜柚和血桃试验园的配方施肥量，均能显著提高果实产量。琯溪蜜柚试验园与对照园相比，平均亩产增加 36.15%，固酸比提高4.26%，糖酸比提高18.03%；血桃试验园与对照园相比，平均亩产增加 37.67%，总糖、总酸、Vc、固形物、可食率含量与对照相比分别提高了6.10%、6.90%、34.55%、9.28%、2.10%。     

烟草叶碟吸收春雷霉素机理初探

能被植物主动吸收转运的农药具有优良的应用特性,氨基糖苷类抗生素能被细菌主动吸收转运,为初步探明此类抗生素在植物体的吸收转运机理,本文研究了烟草叶碟对春雷霉素的吸收机理。结果显示,烟草叶碟能逆浓度梯度吸收春雷霉素,且吸收速度可被能量抑制剂——氰化羰基间氯苯腙(CCCP)抑制,表明春雷霉素能被烟草叶碟主动吸收,其酶促吸收的动力学参数为:Km=1.53 mmol/L;Vmax=1.62 nmol/(h.mg)。     

Yields nutrient intake and soil fertilizing in 40 years fertilizer trials

The set of twenty long‐term field nutrition trials starting from 1957 at five sites. The sites differed by their altitude (from 180 m to 620 m) with average daily temperatures (from 6,8°C m to 9°C m) and soil type (from chernozem to brown podsolic soil) Provided mainly the following results:

? The geonomic division to the fertile sugarbeet region and less fertile potato region did not strictly differentiate the influence of fertilizer and climatic effects to the crop yields.

? The effect of fertilizing was dependent on the nutrient content and on the conditions of releasing and binding of the nutrients in soil.

? The precipitation regime has a strong influence on the effect of the nitrogen escalated doses.

? The facts concerning the nutrient intake are very precious knowledge. These facts have not been examined yet during the long‐term trials.

? The site effect, particularly its climatic conditions, on the nutrient intake is often more obvious compared to the fertilizing effect.

? Very interesting impulses for further research monitoring during the long‐term trials was contributed by “mapping”; of soil capacity to provide nutrients to plants at various sites and under different climate.     

Comparative Study of Nutrient Deficiencies on Growth and Photochemistry of Tobacco

Abstract

Element deficiencies, such as molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), lead to disturbances of morphological and physiological processes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). On exposure to nutrient solution without Mo, leaf morphology was significantly affected, whereas photosynthetic processes conserved their normal activities. The decreased Mo, Fe, and Ca concentrations in tobacco were associated with loss of pigments and photosynthetic disturbances. In Ca‐deficient plants a reduction in the rate constant of energy trapping by PSII centers and a physical dissociation of LHC from PSII core, were observed. The poisonous action of Fe and Ca deficiencies focused mainly in the decreased proportion of active chlorophyll associated with the reaction center (RC) of PSII (decreased F _v /F ₀) and in the declined total number of electrons that have gone through the RCs (decreased Area/F _m  ? F ₀). In parallel, the non‐photochemical quenching coefficient was significantly enhanced in Fe and Ca‐deficient plants, but remained unchanged in Mo‐deficient plants. It is obvious that nutrient deficiency may trigger some protective mechanisms in order to PSII could maintain its activity under that type of stress.     

The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).     

菊花无土栽培技术研究

采用无土栽培技术，对９０余个品种的２６０余盆菊花进行了营养液配方及基质、栽培方式的试验研究，认为在太原市水质及气候条件下，菊花的无土栽培方式以虹吸式、半液式为宜，营养液配方采用３号配方、１号配方或朱士吾提出的通用配方略加调整。     

Use of saline aquaculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower in semiarid coastal zones of China

In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m⁻¹), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m⁻¹) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m⁻¹) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m⁻¹. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments, and the maximum value occurred in the 22.0 dS m⁻¹ treatment. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 4.1 to 11.7 mmol^1/2 L^−1/2 and increased with decreasing salinity of irrigation water. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) when irrigated with saline aquaculture wastewater compared to the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments; however, the effect of salinity on root biomass was much smaller than the aerial parts. Concomitantly, the highest tuber yield of Jerusalem artichoke occurred in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment, while the highest seed yield of sunflower occurred in the rainfed treatment. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of Jerusalem artichoke were significantly higher in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment than the other treatments. This study demonstrated that properly diluted saline aquaculture wastewater can be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher economic yield and nutrient removal, but not sunflower due to the difference in salt tolerance.     

2株优良天麻共生蜜环菌生长条件筛选

筛选出2株昭通本地天麻共生蜜环菌(SNA03、SNA04)菌索生长的最佳条件。采用单因素试验和正交试验法进行筛选,以生物量为考察指标。2株菌菌索生长的最适温度为25℃,暗培养下菌索生长速度最快;单糖(葡萄糖)为2菌株生长的最佳碳源,有机氮中的酵母膏和蛋白胨为最佳氮源,最适无机元素为K2SO4(SNA03)和KH2PO4(SNA04),最适维生素为VB2;最佳营养条件组合为葡萄糖∶酵母膏∶K2SO4(SNA03)或KH2PO4(SNA04)∶VB2=15g·L-1∶3g·L-1∶2g·L-1∶0.005g·L-)1,氮源(酵母膏)是影响菌索生长的最主要因素。来自昭通的2株天麻共生蜜环菌对营养和环境条件的要求基本一致。最佳生长条件的确定,对昭通蜜环菌快速工业化制种及天麻的大规模生产将起到一定的推动作用。     

不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响

通过土壤耕作和秸秆还田试验,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,探讨东北棕壤土区适宜的秸秆还田方式,为秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。在辽宁沈阳设置连续两年（2014-2015年）的田间定位试验,采用尼龙网袋法研究免耕覆盖（NTS）、旋耕还田（RTS）和翻耕还田（PTS）3种秸秆还田方式下秸秆腐解率和碳氮磷钾养分释放率,分析秸秆还田方式对耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,RTS和PTS秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快、后期慢,秸秆养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 碳 > 氮。NTS、RTS和PTS处理秸秆两年平均腐解率分别为38.8%、78.0%、65.9%,两年平均碳释放率分别为56.5%、78.8%、69.4%,氮释放率为16.7%、53.5%、38.8%,磷释放率为81.3%、92.5%、89.8%,钾释放率为92.0%、99.4%、98.9%。NTS处理秸秆腐解率及碳氮释放率与还田时间符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程,RTS和PTS处理秸秆腐解率、碳氮释放率及3种还田方式秸秆磷钾释放率随还田时间变化符合米氏方程。秸秆还田有助于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,RTS处理土壤全磷含量显著高于PTS处理（P<0.05）,与NTS处理全磷含量差异不显著,3种还田方式土壤全钾含量差异不显著。综合分析秸秆腐解和耕层土壤培肥效果,东北棕壤土区建议玉米秸秆还田方式为旋耕秸秆还田。